COM.on C.A.1:e16/106-119 Online published on Dec. 27, 2007.
doi:10.4236/coca.2007.11016
FOCUS
Y chromosome Clues to the East Asian Origins of Turki and Uralic populations
LAN Hai
Linguistic Forum of China

ABSTRACT: The paper on the evolution of Y chromosome haplogroup N published by Rootsi et al. in 2007 may be the most comprehensive and detailed review of this haplogroup. However, the higher diversity of sub-haplogroup N3 in East Europe than that in Siberia was not well explained. In this paper, we explained this phenomenon by analyzing the new data published by Derenko et al. Moreover, using the sub-haplogroup classification by Derenko et al, the previously reported Turkey samples of N* haplogroup were reclassified into N2-A mostly, and then the East Asian origin of Turki populations was well proved. The East Asian originated haplogroup N2-A is the characteristic haplogroup of Turki populations, and the subgroup N2-A2 is almost restricted in the descendants of ancient Turki. Another specific haplogroup R1b1b-M73 in modern Turks was traced back to an ancient Chinese tribe Yüeh-chin / Scythian. We also discussed the evolution of the haplogroups R1a1 and Q in the formation of Turki, and deduced that the haplogroups N3a1, N3a2 and N2-A might be the major Y haplogroups of Dingling-Tiele, the ancestor of Turki. The origin of Uralic populations was largely related to the Turki populations.

Key words: Haplogroup N; Migration; Turki; Tiele; N2-A; R1b1b-M73

Recieved: Dec.19,2007; Accepted: Dec.26,2007; Corresponding: ranhaer@gmail.com
　
《现代人类学通讯》第一卷e16篇 第106-119页 2007年12月27日网上发行
动态评论
突厥和乌拉尔族群东亚起源的Y染色体线索

兰海
中国语言论坛

评论文献：Rootsi S, Zhivotovsky LA, Baldovič M, Kayser M, Kutuev IA, Khusainova R, Bermisheva MA, Gubina M, Fedorova SA, Ilumäe AM, Khusnutdinova EK, Voevoda MI, Osipova LP, Stoneking M, Lin AA, Ferak V, Parik J, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, Villems R (2007) A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 15:204-211.
　

摘要：Rootsi等于2007年初发表了一篇研究Y染色体单倍群N的论文。这是至今关于单倍群N的最全面、最详细的研究。论文中尚未完美地解释的东欧的N3多样性比西伯利亚高的结果。本文应用Derenko等新发表的数据，更好地解释了这个结果。同样，应用Derenko等的Y单倍型分类，对之前文献报道的土耳其的N*个体进行深入分型，发现他们大多是N2-A，由此得到了突厥东亚起源的强有力证据：东亚起源单倍群N2-A是突厥的特征单倍型，而N2-A2几乎只存在于突厥的后裔中。经分析土耳其人中的R1b1b-M73，认为它的分布与中国古代部落月支的迁徙有关。同时探讨了R1a1、Q在突厥形成过程中的演变。并推断突厥祖先丁零－铁勒诸部的主要Y-SNP类型为N3a1、N3a2和N2-A。乌拉尔族群的起源也与突厥群体有很大关系。

关键词：单倍群N; 迁徙; 突厥; 铁勒; N2-A; R1b1b-M73

原文翻译：从东南亚到欧洲Y染色体单倍群N的反时针北方路线

收稿日期：2007年12月19日 修回日期：2007年12月26日 联系人：兰海ranhaer@gmail.com

全文链接 Full text: [PDF]  

附表：单倍群N2、N3的STR单倍型在各群体中的频率

Supplementary table: STR haplotype frequencies of Haplogroup N2 and N3 amongst the populations
　

　


Focus on: Rootsi S, Zhivotovsky LA, Baldovič M, Kayser M, Kutuev IA, Khusainova R, Bermisheva MA, Gubina M, Fedorova SA, Ilumäe AM, Khusnutdinova EK, Voevoda MI, Osipova LP, Stoneking M, Lin AA, Ferak V, Parik J, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, Villems R (2007) A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 15:204-211.

　

参考文献 References

　

1. Xue YL, Zerjal T, Bao WD, Zhu SL, Shu QF, Xu JJ, Du RF, Fu SB, Li P, Hurles ME, Yang HM, Tyler-Smith C (2006) Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics 172:2431-2439.

 

2. Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M. (2006)  Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia- genetic Variation and the origins of Yakuts. Hum Genet 120:334-353.

 

3. Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, Underhill PA, and Wallace DC (2002) The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 70: 192-206.

 

4.Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T, Dambueva I, Zakharov I (2007) Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe. J Hum
Genet 52:763-770.

 

5. Zerjal T, Dashnyam B, Pandya A, Kayser M, Roewer L, Santos FR, Schiefenhövel W, Fretwell N, Jobling MA, Harihara S, Shimizu K, Semjidmaa D, Sajantila A, Salo P, Crawford MH, Ginter EK, Evgrafov OV, Tyler-Smith C (1997) Genetic relationships of Asians and Northern Europeans, revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis. Am J Hum Gene 60: 1174-1183.

 

6. Villems R, Adojaan M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Pielberg G, Rootsi S, Tambets K, Tolk HV (1998) Reconstruction of Maternal lineages of Finno-Ugric speaking people and some remarks on their Paternal inheritance. In: Julku K, Wiik K (Toim.) The Roots of Peoples and Languages of Northern Eurasia I. pp180-200.


7. Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Tambets K, Adojaan M, Parik J, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Laos S,Tolk HV, Villems R(2000)On the phylogeographic context of sex-specific genetic markers of Finno-Ugric populations. In: Kiinnap A (ed.) The Roots of Peoples and Languages of Northern Eurasia II and III, Tartu. pp148-164.


8. Villems R, Rootsi S, Tarnbets K, Adojaan M, Orekhov V, Khusnutdinova E, Yankovsky N (2002) Archaeogenetics of Finno-Ugric speaking populations. In: Julku K (ed.) The Roots of Peoples and Languages of the Northern Eurasia . pp271-284.

9. Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B(2005)Geographic heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway. Forensic Sci Int 164:10-19.

10. Karlsson AO, Wallerstrom T, Gotherstrom A, Holmlund G (2006)Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden-A long-time perspective. Eur J Hum Genet 14:963-970.


11. Lappalainen T, Koivumäki S, Salmela E, Huoponen K, Sistonen P, Savontaus ML, Lahermo P(2006) Regional differences among the Finns: a Y-chromosomal perspective. Gene 376:207-215.


12.  Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA(2004)Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. Hum Genet 114:127-148.


13. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Passarino G, Yang WH, Karuffman E, Bonne-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oerner PJ (2000)Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations. Nat Genet 26:358-361.


14. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA (2006) Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. Am J Hum Genet 78:202-221.


15. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000) The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y-chromosome perspective. Science 290:1155-1159.

16. 班固(汉)汉书.卷九十六下.西域传第六十六下.


17. 王锺翰(2001)中国民族史(增订本).北京:中国社会科学出版社.


18. 敬东(1996) 试论乌古斯突厥蛮塞尔柱克人的联系与区别.西北民族研究 19:227-234.


19. 杨福泉(2005) 纳西族与藏族历史关系研究. 北京:民族出版社.

20. 肖春杰,昝瑞光,石宏,李开源,董永利,杨洁,李卫翔 (2002) 中国云南25个少数民族Y染色体DYS287位点的地理多态性. 中国科学(C辑) 32:373-378.


21. 李英(1992)从语言探索纳西族与古氐羌人的渊源关系.纳西族研究论文集.北京:民族出版社,41-48.


22. 司马迁(汉)史记.卷一百二十三.大宛列传第六十三．大月氏．


23. 范晔(南朝宋)后汉书.卷八十七.西羌传第七十七.湟中月氏胡.

24. 令狐德棻(唐)周书.卷五十.列传第四十二.异域下.突厥吐谷浑高昌鄯善焉耆龟兹于阗囐哒粟特安息波斯.
25. Bouakaze C, Keyser C, Amory S, Crubézy E, Ludes B(2007)First successful assay of Y-SNP typing by SNaPshot minisequencing on ancient DNA. Int J Legal Med 121:493-499.

 

26. Derenko M, Malyarchuk B,Denisova G, Wozniak M, Dambueva I,Dorzhu C, Luzina F, Miścicka-Śliwka D, Zakharov I (2006) Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions. Hum Genet 118:591-604.


27. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazon LM, Foley R, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (2001) The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Ann Hum Genet 65:43-62.


28. Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Gubina MA, Posukh OL, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2002) High levels of Y-chromosome differentiation among native Siberian populations and the genetic signature of a boreal hunter-gatherer way of life. Hum Biol 74:761-789.


29. Popov AA, Dolgikh BO (1964) The Kets. In: Levin MG, Po-tapov LP (ed.) The peoples of Siberia. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp 587-606.


30. Prokof’yeva ED (1964) The Selkups. In: Levin MG, Potapov LP(ed.)The peoples of Siberia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 607-619.


31. Seielstad M, Yuldasheva N, Singh N, Underhill PA, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Wells RS (2003) A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. Am J Hum Genet 73: 700-705.


32. 拉施特(波斯). 余大钧,周建奇译 (1997)史集[中译文]第一卷.第一分册.北京:商务印书馆.

33. Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL, Tolk HV, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Pliss L, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Balanovska E, Gubina M, Zhadanov S, Osipova L, Damba L, Voevoda M, Kutuev I, Bermisheva M, Khusnutdinova E, Gusar V, Grechanina E, Parik J, Pennarun E, Richard C, Chaventre A, Moisan JP, Barác L, Pericić M, Rudan P, Terzić R, Mikerezi I, Krumina A, Baumanis V, Koziel S, Rickards O, De Stefano GF, Anagnou N, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis E, Ferák V, Füredi S, Komel R, Beckman L, Villems R (2004) The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 74:661-682.



34. Behar DM, Garrigan D, Kaplan ME, Mobasher Z, Rosengarten D, Karafet TM, Quintana-Murci L, Ostrer H, Skorecki K, Hammer MF (2004) Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet 114:354-365.


35. Okladnikov AP (1955) The history of the Yakut ASSR.Volume1:Yakutia before its incorporation into the Russian state[in Russian].Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.


36. Alekseev AN (1996) Ancient Yakutia: the Iron Age and the Medieval epoch [in Russian]. Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Instituta Arkheologii i Etnografii SO RAN.


37. Konstantinov IV (1975) The origins of the Yakut people and their culture [in Russian]. Yakutia and her neighbors in antiquity. Publications of the Prilenskaya Archaeological Expedition. Yakutsk:Yakutskiy filial SO AN SSSR.pp106-173.


38. 宝敦古德.阿毕德(1982)布里亚特蒙古简史.内蒙古:内蒙古文化出版社.


39. Pakendorf B, Wiebe V, Tarskaia LA, Spitsyn VA, Soodyall H, Rodewald A, Stoneking M. (2003) Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Admixed Origins of Central Siberian Populations.Am J Phys Anthropol 120:211-224.


40. Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, Wang W, Feng S, Wells RS, Redd AJ, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2001) Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet 69:615-628.


41. Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, Jin L, Su B, Pitchappan R, Shanmugalakshmi S, Balakrishnan K, Read M, Pearson NM, Zerjal T, Webster MT, Zholoshvili I, Jamarjashvili E, Gambarov S, Nikbin B, Dostiev A, Aknazarov O, Zalloua P, Tsoy I, Kitaev M, Mirrakhimov M, Chariev A, Bodmer WF (2001) The Eurasian heartland- a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:10244-10249.