COM.on C.A.2:e8/52-55
Online published on Dec.
2, 2008.
doi:10.4236/coca.2008.21008
REPORT Editors’ Pick from the American Society of Human Genetics 58th Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 11-15, 2008
The Origin of Native Americans from a Mitochondrial DNA Viewpoint
Ugo A. Perego1,2, Alessandro Achilli2,3, Lucio Milani4, Martina Lari4, Maria Pala2, Anna Olivieri2, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani2, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri1, Norman Angerhofer1, Robert Hughes1, Katie H. Ritchie1, Natalie M. Myres1, Scott R. Woodward1, David Caramelli4, Antonio Torroni2
1. Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT 84115, USA; 2. Dip. di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; 3. Dip. di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; 4. Dip. di Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy.Chinese translator: LIU Wenhong, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 USA
ABSTRACT: America, the last continent to be colonized by modern humans, is characterized by an extraordinary linguistic and cultural diversity. Until recently, it was generally believed that starting around 13,500 years ago, the first Paleo-Indians arrived from Beringia, passing through an interior ice-free corridor in western North America, and spread rapidly all the way to Tierra del Fuego. Today, we realize that the peopling of the Americas involved a much more complex process. As for the maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), it has been clear since the early nineties that Native Americans could be traced back to four major maternal lineages (haplogroups) of Asian affinity. These were initially named A, B, C and D, and are now termed A2, B2, C1 and D1. More than 95% of living Native Americans belong to these four haplogroups, which can be considered “pan-American”, because they are shared by North, Central and South American populations. Later, five additional maternal lineages were discovered and named X2a, D2, D3, C4c, and D4h3. These less common or rare haplogroups are restricted only to some Native American populations or geographic areas and bring the overall number of Native American mtDNA lineages to nine. Our comprehensive overview of the four pan-American branches of the mtDNA tree suggests a scenario with a human entry and spread into the Americas from Beringia about 20,000 years ago, and preliminary data raise the possibility that the uncommon five Native American haplogroups might have marked additional migratory events from Asia or Beringia. Overall, through a combined analysis of modern and ancient Native American mtDNA, we are making an effort for reconstructing the complex pre-Columbian history at both macro- and micro-geographic levels.
Agreement was received from the authors to translate this paper into Chinese.
Recieved: Nov.26,2008 Accepted: Dec.1,2008 Corresponding: Ugo@SMGF.org
《现代人类学通讯》第二卷e8篇 第51-55页 2008年12月2日网上发行
研究报告编辑精选: 美国人类遗传学会第58届年会, 宾夕法尼亚州费城, 2008年11月11-15日
从线粒体角度分析美洲印第安人起源
北宫•武国1,2，安智利•莱山渡2,3，米兰•卢晓4，来瑞•玛丁娜4，白•玛丽2，欧李•安娜2， 喀山•白若-藿香2，龚-帕米尔•艾佳1，安霍•诺曼1，胡奇•罗布1，瑞奇•可缇1，麦思•纳达1，梧沃•苏格1，卡末•代卫4，多灵•安东2
1. 索伦森分子家谱基金会，美国 犹他州 盐湖城84115；2. 帕维亚大学遗传学与微生物学系，意大利 帕维亚27100； 3. 佩鲁贾大学环境和细胞生物学系，意大利 佩鲁贾06100；4. 佛罗伦萨大学进化生物学系，意大利 佛罗伦萨 50121
翻译: 刘文泓，爱荷华州立大学食品科学与人类营养学系，美国 爱荷华州 爱莫思 50010
摘要：作为被现代人所占领的最后一块陆地，美洲向来以极其丰富多样化的语言和文化著称。一直以来人们普遍认为，13500年前古印第安人从白令陆桥，通过位于北美西部的没有被冰雪覆盖的内陆通道来到美洲，迅速散布开来，直达火地岛。现在我们认识到，美洲人的迁徙事实上经历了一个更为复杂的过程。从90年代开始，通过母系遗传的线粒体DNA就显示北美印第安人的起源可以追溯到与亚洲人有亲缘关系的4个主要母系世系(单倍群)。他们最早分别被命名为A、B、C、D，现在称为A2、B2、C1和D1。超过90%的现代美国印第安人都属于这4个单倍群。这些单倍群被认为是“泛美洲类型”，因为它们分布在北美、中美和南美人群中。随后，另外5个母系世系被发现并且分布命名为X2a、D2、D3、C4c和D4h3。他们是比较少见的单倍群，只在一些美洲印第安人群中，或者特定的地理区域中出现。由此，美洲的线粒体DNA单倍群总数达到9个。从线粒体DNA树上这4个泛美洲类型分支看出，人类1万7千年前由白令陆桥进入美洲并扩散。并且初步数据显示，比较少见的5个美洲印第安人单倍群在从白令陆桥进入美洲的过程中，可能进行了额外的迁徙活动。总的说来，通过综合分析现代和古代北美印第安人的线粒体DNA，我们试图在宏观和微观地理学的层次上，重建复杂的前哥伦布时期历史。
收稿日期：2008年11月26日 修回日期：2008年12月1日 联系人：北宫武国Ugo@SMGF.org
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